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	<title>Aria PN &#187; Politics</title>
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	<link>http://www.hunafa.org</link>
	<description>Start by being just to the self. &#34;Don&#039;t hasten the end result before completing the beginning, don&#039;t begin without looking toward the end.&#34;</description>
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		<title>Law enforcement</title>
		<link>http://www.hunafa.org/96/law-enforcement</link>
		<comments>http://www.hunafa.org/96/law-enforcement#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 14 Aug 2008 18:37:49 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ariapn</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Politics]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.hunafa.org/?p=96</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Ada dua aspek dari hukum: legislation &#038; enforcement. Tidak semua hukum di-enforce 100% karena enforcement itu mahal. Misalnya 65 MPH speed limit. Polisi tidak akan dan tidak bisa mendenda semua orang yang melanggar batasan ini. Jadi harus ada toleransi. Toleransi ini berbeda dari satu tingkatan perundangan ke tingkatan berikutnya. Tingkatan hukum yang tertinggi seharusnya mempunyai [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Ada dua aspek dari hukum: legislation &#038; enforcement. Tidak semua hukum di-enforce 100% karena enforcement itu mahal. Misalnya 65 MPH speed limit. Polisi tidak akan dan tidak bisa mendenda semua orang yang melanggar batasan ini. Jadi harus ada toleransi. Toleransi ini berbeda dari satu tingkatan perundangan ke tingkatan berikutnya. Tingkatan hukum yang tertinggi seharusnya mempunyai tolerasi yang paling kecil karena dia menjadi acuan perundangan di bawahnya. Di Indonesia, UUD adalah sumber hukum. Sebelum mengesahkan perundangan, apalagi UUD, dipikirkan juga enforcement cost &#038; feasibility. Kalau tidak, terjadilah hal-hal seperti di bawah ini. </p>
<blockquote><p>
The court had no choice other than to agree that the current budget violates the amended Constitution, but it was not prepared to go so far as to annul the law in which that budget is contained.
</p></blockquote>
<p>Dari <a href="http://rspas.anu.edu.au/blogs/indonesiaproject/2008/08/14/education-spending-and-the-indonesian-constitution/">Indonesia Project</a>.</p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Economics of Political Ignorance</title>
		<link>http://www.hunafa.org/94/economics-of-political-ignorance</link>
		<comments>http://www.hunafa.org/94/economics-of-political-ignorance#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 14 Feb 2008 20:56:15 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ariapn</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Bahasa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Economics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Politics]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.hunafa.org/?p=94</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Ketidakpedulian terhadap politik bukan saja jamak, tapi juga rasional secara ekonomi. Sebab utamanya adalah usaha yang diperlukan untuk mendapatkan informasi politik tidak sebanding dengan imbalannya (Anthony Downs: An Economic Theory of Democracy). Apa arti satu suara dalam pemilihan dengan seratus juta suara. Kemungkinan satu suara tersebut untuk mempengaruhi hasil pemilihan sangatlah kecil. Berbagai penelitian menyimpulkan [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Ketidakpedulian terhadap politik bukan saja jamak, tapi juga rasional secara ekonomi. Sebab utamanya adalah usaha yang diperlukan untuk mendapatkan informasi politik tidak sebanding dengan imbalannya (Anthony Downs: An Economic Theory of Democracy). Apa arti satu suara dalam pemilihan dengan seratus juta suara. Kemungkinan satu suara tersebut untuk mempengaruhi hasil pemilihan sangatlah kecil.</p>
<p>Berbagai penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa pemilih menggunakan hak suaranya tanpa harapan yang rasional untuk mengubah hasil. Yang dia dapatkan adalah imbalan emosional. Mungkin kebanggaan karena dengan memilih dia menjalankan tugasnya sebagai warga negara. Atau perasaan bahagia karena sudah berusaha membantu rakayat miskin dengan program yang dipilihnya. Apakah program tersebut terlaksana atau tidak sangat kecil hubungannya dengan suara pemilih tersebut. Dan resiko (baik atau buruk) yang ditanggung oleh si pemilih atas pilihannya biasanya sangat kecil.</p>
<p>Mencari informasi politik itu mahal dan perlu usaha besar. Karena itu pemilih cenderung tidak melakukannya. Ini adalah apa yang disebut oleh Gordon Tullock (Public Choice Theory) sebagai &#8220;rational ignorance.&#8221; Topik ini dibahas panjang lebar oleh Bryan Caplan di buku baru tahun 2007, The Myth of Rational Voter. Pemilih sebenarnya tidak selalu rasional dalam menyalurkan suaranya. Mereka tidak mempunyai pemahaman yang benar terhadap berbagai topik (terutama ekonomi) yang sering diusung oleh kandidat.</p>
<p>Usaha untuk menambah pemahaman tentang kandidat memerlukan waktu dan juga pemikiran, bahkan terkadang biaya. Sementara keputusan yang berdasarkan emosi bisa dibilang gratis. Ini salah satu sebab hasil Pemilu tidak selalu mewakili kepentingan rasional pemilih. Sebab lain adalah karena sistem suara terbanyak tidak selalu bisa mewakili kepentingan sosial yang merupakan agregasi dari berbagai kepentingan individu (Kenneth Arrow&#8217;s Impossilibty Theorem).</p>
<p>Non voters think it&#8217;s not worth their while to physically go through the process of voting because their votes won&#8217;t make any difference, statistically speaking. Some of them don&#8217;t vote because they want to make informed decisions and the cost to get and process that information is more than the expected benefit.</p>
<p>On the other hand, most people who vote are politically ignorant. But this is done rationally. They choose to be ignorant because to be politically informed takes effort. They still go to voting booth because they get rewarded by feeling good having done their civic duty, trying to save the environment, helping the poor or whatever. That feeling is a reward, but not a big reward. So they spend some effort, but not that much that they become well informed. If the reward is bigger they&#8217;ll probably be more informed.</p>
<p>Apakah ini berarti demokrasi gagal? Bukan gagal, hanya tidak sempurna. Seperti dikatakan Churchill, &#8220;Democracy is the worst form of government, except for all those other forms that have been tried from time to time.&#8221;</p>
<p>Karena manusia ini makhluk rasional, maka ketidakpedulian-nya-pun harus dirasionalisasi. Jadi pemilih tidak akan mengakui bahwa mereka tidak tahu banyak tentang kandidat, tapi cenderung mengaku sudah lebih tahu. Bahkan mereka merasa ketidakpedulian itu suatu kebaikan, misalnya dengan menganggap bahwa politik itu kotor.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>Islam and the Problems of Society: Economics over Politics</title>
		<link>http://www.hunafa.org/87/islam-and-the-problems-of-society-economics-over-politics</link>
		<comments>http://www.hunafa.org/87/islam-and-the-problems-of-society-economics-over-politics#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 10 Jun 2006 11:47:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ariapn</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Economics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Politics]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.keadilan.net/2006/06/10/islam-and-the-problems-of-society-economics-over-politics/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[[I]t is a uniquely modern belief that politics will totally change our lives and redeem us, or that the existence of the correct political structure can cure &#8216;the problems of society&#8217;. This belief in the salvational quality of politics, as has been noted by John Gray, is dying or already dead in liberal societies (to [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p>
[I]t is a uniquely <em>modern belief</em> that politics will totally change our lives and redeem us, or that the existence of the correct political structure can cure &#8216;the problems of society&#8217;. This belief in the salvational quality of politics, as has been noted by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gray_%28LSE%29">John Gray</a>, is dying or already dead in liberal societies (to be replaced by the &#8216;cult of science and technology&#8217; according to Gray). One can&#8217;t help but agree with Dr. Yahya Michot, when he said &#8230; that too many Muslims, having concentrated on politics to the exclusion of almost everything else, ended up &#8220;backing the wrong horse&#8221; in the 20th-century (especially if one considers that, according to Michot, economics has trumped politics). It is the <em>modern</em> idea of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facism">fascism</a> that says the state must control and define all activities of its citizens: the economic, the political, the social, the legal, the cultural and even the metaphysical. It is people who reduce Islam to nothing more than a bid for power, a method and an end of governance, that will actually end up <a href="http://www.algonet.se/%7Epmanzoor/Agnst-Rdctn-Isl-Gvrnce.htm">secularising Islam</a>.</p></blockquote>
<p>From <a href="http://underprogress.blogs.com/weblog/2006/06/prattle_from_th.html">Thabet</a>. I hope I can elaborate more on this, for now this will serve as a place holder.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>Free Market with Transfers</title>
		<link>http://www.hunafa.org/85/free-market-with-transfers</link>
		<comments>http://www.hunafa.org/85/free-market-with-transfers#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 27 Mar 2006 17:38:31 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ariapn</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Economics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Politics]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.keadilan.net/2006/03/27/free-market-with-transfers/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[That&#8217;s the solution I was proposing in my last post. Free market to get the most benefits and transfers to redistribute them accordingly. One important issue about redistribution is generality versus transparency. Do we redistribute the benefits universally or selectively but transparently? Will Wilkinson expands more on this. This problem in particular is really evident [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>That&#8217;s the solution I was proposing in <a href="http://www.keadilan.net/2006/03/22/youve-got-problems-ive-got-solutions/">my last post</a>. Free market to get the most benefits and transfers to redistribute them accordingly. One important issue about redistribution is generality versus transparency. Do we redistribute the benefits universally or selectively but transparently? <a href="http://www.willwilkinson.net/flybottle/2006/03/22/more-on-transparency-generality/">Will Wilkinson expands more</a> on this. This problem in particular is really evident in Indonesia:</p>
<blockquote><p>
Part of the issue here is a big principle-agent/incentive compatibility problem between representatives and the citizens they represent. Politicians want to get re-elected. If they can subsidize interest group A at group B’s expense without group B really noticing due to the hidden transfer, then that will sound like a real winner to a politician. Which is just to say that the incentives politicians face encourage them to violate the very conditions of transparency and public justification that make their coercive powers legitimate.
</p></blockquote>
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		<item>
		<title>You&#8217;ve Got Problems? I&#8217;ve Got Solutions</title>
		<link>http://www.hunafa.org/84/youve-got-problems-ive-got-solutions</link>
		<comments>http://www.hunafa.org/84/youve-got-problems-ive-got-solutions#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 22 Mar 2006 19:15:57 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ariapn</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Economics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Politics]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.keadilan.net/2006/03/22/youve-got-problems-ive-got-solutions/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Idealistic view of the world has bothered me a lot recently. But you&#8217;ll see why you can&#8217;t be without ideals. So let&#8217;s try another approach, or what I&#8217;d call &#8220;the&#8221; approach. Rather than looking at specific issues, we&#8217;ll just put them all in one basket and be super-solver for now. Assume the idealistic view is [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Idealistic view of the world has bothered me a lot recently. But you&#8217;ll see why you can&#8217;t be without ideals. So let&#8217;s try another approach, or what I&#8217;d call &#8220;the&#8221; approach. Rather than looking at specific issues, we&#8217;ll  just put them all in one basket and be super-solver for now.</p>
<p>Assume the idealistic view is right in that Indonesia has a lot of resources, and the realistic view is right in that we (or maybe &#8220;others&#8221;) have mismanaged the resources. The opposite assumptions are too disheartening; that somehow we are good managers, but don&#8217;t have the capital to work at. We&#8217;d rather be rich than competent right?</p>
<p>We have our problem: how do we manage our resources? There might not be a first best solution to this problem. I don&#8217;t care. Give me a second best then. Give me the most efficient solution possible taking into account all conditions.</p>
<p>Efficiency is measured in terms of utility. It&#8217;s efficient if you cannot increase the utiliy of one party without decreasing the utility of the other party. Utility is just economic term for ideals. It means your preference, your likes and dislikes, and ultimately your ideals, what you want and value the most. Without ideals, there&#8217;s nothing to improve or aim for.</p>
<p>If we start from this solution, the question is always about distribution, who gets the benefit (and how much) of that efficient solution. If I start from the other end, the question is about efficiency.</p>
<p>OK, the next step is to distribute the benefit so everyone can be happy. Wait, that&#8217;s not possible. Maybe we can try distribute it fairly, so no one can&#8217;t complain of injustice. (What? Did you say they can and will complain because they have different definition of fair and justice?) It doesn&#8217;t really matter, but I&#8217;ll just use Rawls&#8217; arrangement of fairness (which is probably the view of the more idealistic camp). So, the least advantaged of the society should get the greatest benefit.</p>
<p>Let&#8217;s also assume away the details of actually implementing this principle, such as proportions, measurements, etc. So we want to give more benefits to some and reduce or take away from others. The latter will then lose some or all of the incentives to contribute efficiently. That means there&#8217;ll be less benefits to distribute. Even less than ideal, we might already have something better than what we have in the beginning. We might also we end up where we start, a very non optimal outcome.</p>
<p>I realize this has been rehashed before so many times, by so many people much more competent in this than me. I don&#8217;t have &#8220;the&#8221; solution. I&#8217;m just pointing out the realities. Knowing them, we won&#8217;t get carried away by too idealistic of a solution. Especially if it sacrifices a lot more benefits than what we have to.</p>
<p>We have rooms to improve. Often times we are afraid to improve, because the distribution will change. Don&#8217;t forget, once we get the benefits, we can always redistribute them if we wish so. Of course there&#8217;s always the price for being less efficient. It&#8217;s not perfect. Pick your poisons, and choose them wisely.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>Micro Experience vs Macro Policy</title>
		<link>http://www.hunafa.org/81/micro-experience-vs-macro-policy</link>
		<comments>http://www.hunafa.org/81/micro-experience-vs-macro-policy#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 13 Nov 2005 03:32:12 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ariapn</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Economics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Politics]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.keadilan.net/?p=81</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The debate about BLT and its effectiveness gets me thinking. Probably, one of the most common mistake of policy making by populist-leaning decision makers is to generalize a micro experience and mold it into a macro policy. Of course it doesn&#8217;t have to be a first-hand experience. With the social and geographical gaps so wide, [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The debate about BLT and its effectiveness gets me thinking. Probably, one of the most common mistake of policy making by populist-leaning decision makers is to generalize a micro experience and mold it into a macro policy. Of course it doesn&#8217;t have to be a first-hand experience. With the social and geographical gaps so wide, the number of personal experiences is small anyway.</p>
<p>The main culprits of influence are the news media through no fault of their own. The common &#8220;dog bites man&#8221; phenomena won&#8217;t make any news headlines. Instead, a compelling experience, especially if there are several similar ones, gets repeated through news cycle by different media. After a while the exception becomes the rule.</p>
<p>It goes without saying that exceptions are important in making decisions. Rawls would say that the policy should be designed to benefit the least-advantaged the most. I concur, if those benefits are weighed against the costs &#8220;properly&#8221; for everyone over period of time (not just here and now). Proper analysis can be done through accurate data gatherings and honest statistical readings.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>Fuel Policy and Politics</title>
		<link>http://www.hunafa.org/80/fuel-policy-and-politics</link>
		<comments>http://www.hunafa.org/80/fuel-policy-and-politics#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 05 Oct 2005 13:40:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ariapn</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Economics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Politics]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.keadilan.net/?p=80</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[I must applaud SBY&#8217;s decision to raise fuel price as a matter of policy. Politically, this decision is very unpopular, at least for now. The popular pressure to keep the price at its current level would be very happy to support him if he gives in. Politically, SBY must be pretty sure that not only [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I must applaud SBY&#8217;s decision to raise fuel price as a matter of policy. Politically, this decision is very unpopular, at least for now. The popular pressure to keep the price at its current level would be very happy to support him if he gives in.</p>
<p>Politically, SBY must be pretty sure that not only this policy will work, but also it will give him results relatively quickly, before 2009 election. Then, he has to hope that the voters can connect the change in their situation to him. Voters don&#8217;t have long memory, and 3-4 years is a long time in political time.</p>
<p>His decision might also be based on the prediction that the current economic situation cannot sustain itself for extended period of time. Again, the period is about 3-4 years. Otherwise, he could hang on to the popular support until after the next election, before inflation and other negative effects of fuel subsidy take over.</p>
<p>Update: <a href="http://patunru.blogspot.com/2005/10/bbm-price-hike-and-credit-for-govt.html">Aco agrees with me, with better economic analysis</a>.</p>
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		<title>Komponen Partai Politik Modern</title>
		<link>http://www.hunafa.org/3/komponen-partai-politik-modern</link>
		<comments>http://www.hunafa.org/3/komponen-partai-politik-modern#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 18 Mar 2005 22:08:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ariapn</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Bahasa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Politics]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.keadilan.net/blog/?p=3</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Untuk kelangsungan suatu partai politik, saya pikir ada tiga komponen utama (Tolong dibedakan kelangsungan politik kita dengan kelangsungan organisatoris.): Ideologi: menggodok konsep siapa kita, mau kemana kita, bagaimana meyakinkan orang lain untuk ikut kita. Utamanya tentu saja menyangkut kaderisasi. Policy: menggodok posisi kita di bidang-bidang umum. Rakyat ingin dan harus tahu apa posisi kita di [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Untuk kelangsungan suatu partai politik, saya pikir ada tiga komponen utama (Tolong dibedakan kelangsungan politik kita dengan kelangsungan organisatoris.):
<ul>
<li>Ideologi: menggodok konsep siapa kita, mau kemana kita, bagaimana meyakinkan orang lain untuk ikut kita. Utamanya tentu saja menyangkut kaderisasi.</li>
<li>Policy: menggodok posisi kita di bidang-bidang umum. Rakyat ingin dan harus tahu apa posisi kita di bidang pendidikan, ekonomi, hukum, dll. Dan bagaimana kita berencana meraih posisi itu.</li>
<li>Politik: menggodok strategi &#8220;perang&#8221; kita. Ini mungkin yang disebut politik praktis, yang sering diberi label politik itu kotor dll. Komponen ini mencakup berbagai strategi pemilu: tahu siapa basis pemilih kita, bagaimana meluaskan basis itu (mungkin dengan mengambil basis pemilih partai lain), bagaimana menyiasati perbagai peraturan Pemilu.</li>
</ul>
<p>Komponen politik ini juga mencakup perang di forum publik: bagaimana kita mempublikasikan posisi kita, melemahkan posisi lawan. Tidak hanya kita harus memilih policy yang &#8220;baik&#8221;, kita juga harus tahu bagaimana kesiapan publik menerima policy itu (polling misalnya), dan kita juga harus bisa mengemas dan menampilkan policy itu dengan &#8220;cantik&#8221;.</p>
<p>Kasarnya, lewat komponen ini kita ingin menang dan mengalahkan lawan. Menang di Pemilu, menang di forum DPR/D, menang di mata publik. Selama ini kemenangan kita di mata publik adalah dalam masalah moral credibility belum policy capability. Sekarang saatnya kita mulai serius memikirkan ini. <a href="http://www.keadilan.net/blog/?p=2">Tulisan saya sebelumnya</a> tentang motivasi vs konsekuensi berhubungan dengan komponen yang ketiga ini.</p>
<p>Pada akhirnya tentu saja semuanya akan kembali ke garis start. Setelah kita menang di mata publik, bagaimana publik itu masuk dan menjadi bagian kita lewat kaderisasi, dan selanjutnya.</p>
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		<title>Motivasi vs Konsekuensi dalam Debat Kebijakan Publik</title>
		<link>http://www.hunafa.org/2/motivasi-vs-konsekuensi-dalam-debat-kebijakan-publik</link>
		<comments>http://www.hunafa.org/2/motivasi-vs-konsekuensi-dalam-debat-kebijakan-publik#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 18 Mar 2005 21:57:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ariapn</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Bahasa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Politics]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.keadilan.net/blog/?p=2</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Ada beberapa hal penting mengenai perdebatan kebijakan publik. Saya soroti dari sudut good governance. Jadi maaf kalau secara normatif kurang sesuai. Input sangat ditunggu, karena ini tulisan cepat dan singkat, yang pastinya akan menambah kesalahan. Kali ini saya bahas masalah motivasi vs konsekuensi. Saya ambil contoh diskursus &#8220;privatisasi Indosat&#8221;. Kalau secara umum kita tidak setuju [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Ada beberapa hal penting mengenai perdebatan kebijakan publik. Saya  soroti dari sudut good governance. Jadi maaf kalau secara normatif kurang sesuai. Input sangat ditunggu, karena ini tulisan cepat dan singkat, yang pastinya akan menambah kesalahan.</p>
<p>Kali ini saya bahas masalah motivasi vs konsekuensi.</p>
<p>Saya ambil contoh diskursus &#8220;privatisasi Indosat&#8221;. Kalau secara umum kita tidak setuju aset negara dijual, kita bisa berargumen, &#8220;itu kan bagian dari KKN dengan Singapura&#8221;. Jadi yang kita permasalahkan adalah motivasinya. Kalau memang ada bukti KKN yang kuat silakan dibawa ke pengadilan dan dipublikasikan ke media masa.</p>
<p>Tanpa bukti yang jelas, lebih baik kita berbicara mengenai konsekuensi dari kebijakan tadi. Kalau tujuan penjualan adalah agar kinerja Indosat membaik, apa argumentasi kita? Kalau tujuannya supaya harga telkom menurun, kenapa hal itu tidak bisa terjadi dan selanjutnya.</p>
<p>Contoh lain, misalnya &#8220;pelebaran jalan Sudirman-Thamrin di Jakarta&#8221;. Kita bisa saja mempertanyakan motivasinya, &#8220;itu hanya melayani orang kaya yang pakai mobil untuk kerja.&#8221; Di lain pihak kita bisa melihat konsekuensinya, &#8220;kalau jalan lebar dan lancar, pasti lama-lama semakin banyak yang tertarik naik mobil, akhirnya jalanan penuh dan macet lagi.&#8221;</p>
<p>Banyak contoh lain yang cukup memperlihatkan, bahwa dalam hal kebijakan publik, mempertimbangkan konsekuensi lebih penting daripada  motivasi. Pilihan ke SBY, merupakan pilihan konsekuensi. Konsekuensi dari tidak menangnya SBY adalah kelanjutan pemerintahan Mega.</p>
<p>Memperdebatkan motivasi saja tanpa melihat konsekuensi, menurut saya adalah tidak sehat. Motivasi biasanya tidak tampak dhohir dan karenanya susah dijadikan pijakan. Kalau boleh saya ambil contoh kisah Usama bin Zaid yang membunuh orang setelah dia mengucapkan &#8220;laa ilaaha illallaah&#8221;. Usama bin Zaid mempertanyakan motivasi pengucapan kalimat tadi. Tetapi Rasulullah menekankan konsekuensinya, yaitu dia tidak boleh dibunuh.</p>
<p>Yang kedua, hal ini juga kurang mendidik kita sendiri maupun masyarakat umum. Usulan dari &#8220;lawan&#8221; langsung kita tolak tanpa dipelajari lebih lanjut. Mungkin saja motivasinya memang mencurigakan, tapi bagaimana kalau konsekuensinya ternyata menguntungkan kita. Kita harus terbiasa melihat ke depan dengan mempertimbangkan berbagai faktor, apa konsekuensi dari suatu kebijakan. Banyak kebijakan yang ternyata menimbulkan konsekuensi yang tak terduga. Penambahan jam sekolah tidak otomatis membuat anak semakin cerdas. Kenaikan gaji PNS tidak selalu membuat mereka lebih makmur dalam arti real. Kenaikan upah minimum ternyata malah menambah pengangguran dan sebagainya.</p>
<p>Adanya polemik tentang konsekuensi suatu kebijakan juga akan mendidik masyarakat bahwa pilihan mereka punya makna dan akibat. Selanjutnya masyarakat akan terbiasa menuntut terciptanya hasil/konsekuensi tadi. Apa gunanya bagi masyarakat kebijakan yang niatnya baik tapi tidak berhasil memperbaiki mereka. Dan akhirnya, ini menuntut kita untuk terus meningkatkan kemampuan kita dalam memilih dan menjalankan suatu kebijakan.</p>
<p>Dua ciri utama Publik Argumen adalah:
<ul>
<li>Mewakili orang banyak: paling tidak mewakili konstituen kita. Tapi lebih dari itu, kita harus selalu menyampaikan argumen kita dalam bahasa dimana orang banyak bisa memahami dan dalam forum dimana orang banyak bisa ikut serta.</li>
<li>Mempunyai efek ke orang banyak: keputusan dan pilihan yang kita buat akan berpengaruh ke kepentingan orang banyak, tidak hanya ke kita sebagai partai saja.</li>
</ul>
<p>Dalam hal ini saya pikir masalah konsekuensi lebih mudah dipahami dan dirasakan efeknya oleh masyarakat umum, daripada masalah motivasi.</p>
<p>Sekali lagi, saya tidak membahas bagaimana dan faktor apa saya yang harus diperhitungkan ketika kita mengambil suatu keputusan (internally), tapi bagaimana mengkomunikasikan keputusan tadi dan mendebat alternatif yang diajukan orang lain dalam forum umum.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>Democratic Convention</title>
		<link>http://www.hunafa.org/56/democratic-convention</link>
		<comments>http://www.hunafa.org/56/democratic-convention#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ariapn</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Politics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[US]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.keadilan.net/blog/2004/07/27/democratic-convention/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Right off the bat I have to say that I&#8217;m slightly leaning towards Democrats politically and economically, but not socially. I liked good speeches, so I rather enjoyed the presentations last night. I&#8217;ve been watching conventions since 1992. And of course the main constant speaker for the Democratic Convention since then is Bill Clinton. I [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Right off the bat I have to say that I&#8217;m slightly leaning towards Democrats politically and economically, but not socially. I liked good speeches, so I rather enjoyed the presentations last night. I&#8217;ve been watching conventions since 1992. And of course the main constant speaker for the Democratic Convention since then is Bill Clinton. I have difficulty liking him personally, but I have to admit he&#8217;s a great public speaker.</p>
<p>Not only can he give a commanding rhetoric performance, but he also displayed extensive knowledge about his topics. Obviously he did his homeworks on those subjects before his speech. Still, he can make boring policy speeches so compelling without ignoring the substance. He did all that policy comparisons and propping Kerry in under 30 minutes with several ovations. No wonder people say he can be elected to a third term if that&#8217;s possible.</p>
<p>What I liked most about his speech last night is he has the confidence to be self deprecating. He used the fact that he didn&#8217;t go to Vietnam and coupled that with Bush and Cheney not going to highlight John Kerry&#8217;s career. It was very effective. I do think more people, especially in the leadership role should be more self-deprecating, be secure about who you are and your weaknesses. Knowing your weaknesses is one of your strength.</p>
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