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Kesombongan Sosial

May 12th, 2005 2 comments

Saya mendapatkan istilah “arrogance of virtuous certainty” ketika membaca gambaran tentang peranan administrasi GWB dalam beberapa kasus, terutama Iraq. Keyakinan terhadap kebenaran prinsip mereka membuat mereka arogan dan menganggap diri di atas hukum.

Saya melihat gejala ini tumbuh dalam lingkup berbagai organisasi yang saya terlibat. Ada dua fase dari gejala ini. Fase pertama adalah dimana individu percaya akan kebenaran prinsip yang dia miliki, yang dalam satu organisasi prinsip ini juga dipercayai oleh banyak individu lain. Ini menjadikan rasa percaya mereka akan kebenaran prinsip tersebut meningkat, dan menganggap organisasi merekalah yang terbaik di bidangnya.

Fase pertama ini dalam batas-batas tertentu cukup wajar, bahkan ada suatu keperluan untuknya. Tanpa “fanatisme” ini, organisasi tidak akan bertahan lama.

Fase kedua adalah ketika individu berbalik “meminjam” prinsip organisasi untuk mendapatkan pembenaran pribadi. Keyakinan akan kebenaran bersama menjadikan keputusan–yang mungkin dimotivasi oleh kepentingan pribadi–perlu dibingkai seakan merupakan suatu keputusan yang bermanfaat untuk semua. Seakan keputusan tersebut vital bagi kelangsungan organisasi, dan bawah peran mereka tak tergantikan.

Pada fase pertama yang harus kita sadari adalah organisasipun masih harus berhukum, dalam segala aspek hukum itu sendiri. Minimal ini akan mengurangi efek dari fase kedua, karena individu yang ingin bertameng kebenaran organisasi “terpaksa” harus pula berselimutkan hukum.

Categories: Bahasa, Personal Tags:

Mu’jizat cita-cita besar kita

May 12th, 2005 2 comments

[originally written for a dear brother of mine]

Ketika Johannes Kepler berhasil menemukan bahwa pergerakan planet mengelilingi matahari adalah elipsis (Kepler’s first law of planetary motion), dia merasa kecewa. Penelitian yang dia lakukan selama lebih dari dua puluh tahun, tidak menghasilkan apa yang dia inginkan. Dia ingin membuktikan bahwa orbit planet adalah lingkaran. Karena lingkaran adalah lambang kesempurnaan dan Kepler ingin membuktikan kesempurnaan ciptaan Tuhan. Kepler menganggap elipsis adalah suatu cacat dari kesempurnaan itu.

Penemuan yang kedua tidaklah cukup mengobati kekecewaannya itu. Padahal hukum kedua ini cukup menakjubkan, bahwa luas bidang yang ditempuh oleh planet adalah sama untuk setiap jangka waktu yang sama. Dia menganggap ini kesimpulan lumrah kalau orbit adalah lingkaran dan kecepatan revolusi adalah konstan.

Tapi kepercayaannya akan kesempurnaan ciptaan Tuhan mendorong dia untuk terus bekerja. Dan sepuluh tahun kemudian Kepler menemukan hukum ketiga, bahwa jangka waktu yang diperlukan oleh sebuah planet untuk melakukan satu revolusi berkaitan dengan jarak rata-ratanya dari matahari. Dia merasa temuan inilah yang dia cari.

Di masa itu, paham heliosentris bahwa bumi mengelilingi matahari bukanlah paham yang populer. Bahkan penolakan terhadap prinsip bahwa matahari mengelilingi bumi bisa berakibat maut dan mendapat hukuman gereja. Teknologi untuk mengamati bintang dan mahkluk angkasa lain masihlah sangat terbatas.

Karena itu banyaklah yang meragukan penemuan Kepler ini, tapi kali ini dia tidak kecewa. Dia percaya nantinya temuan dia akan terbukti dan tidak merasa perlu untuk mendapat pengakuan sekarang juga. Ketika bukunya terbit, dia mengatakan, “Aku sudah menulis bukuku, dan mungkin setelah berabad baru dibaca orang. Tak apa, karena Tuhan sudah menunggu 6000 tahun untuk seorang manusia membaca dan membuktikan ayat (ciptaan) Nya.”

Banyak pelajaran yang bisa kita ambil dari kisah itu. Tentu saja harus kita ingat adalah bahwa Kepler bukan seorang Muslim, dan tentunya kita mempunyai aqidah keimanan kepada Allah yang berbeda dari dia. Dengan keyakinan yang dia punya dia merasa mempunyai suatu misi untuk membuktikan kesempurnaan ciptaan Tuhan.

Kita sekarang ini sebenarnya punya misi yang mirip, yaitu membuktikan kesempurnaan sistem hidup yang sudah ditetapkan Allah kepada kita. Kalau kita berhasil, kita kembali membuka mata manusia, akan kesempurnaan sistemNya. Dan kalau itu benar dan Insya Allah akan berhasil, itulah anugerah. Mungkin itulah “mu’jizat” Allah kepada kita, karena mungkin sekarang tidak terbayang oleh kita, bagaimana bisa menyelesaikan berbagai masalah yang begitu berat dan rumit.

Indonesia sekarang ini ibarat seorang kepala keluarga yang tidak hanya harus menghidupi keluarganya, tapi sekaligus juga membayar hutang-hutang keluarga. Indonesia sekarang ini ibarat pelari yang sudah ketinggalan jauh, sementara pelari di depan lari dengan kecepatan 20 km/jam, dan kita lari dengan kecepatan 10 km/jam. Kapan kita bisa mengejar ketertinggalan?

Masalah kita sangat banyak, kemampuan dan sumber daya kita sangat minim. Dalam skala kecil, itulah yang dialami Kepler. Dia harus melakukan penghitungan yang luar biasa rumit dengan alat bantu yang minim. Calculus baru ada 100 tahun kemudian setelah Newton dan Leibniz. Geometri analitik masih menunggu Descartes. Kesalahan sedikit saja pada hitungan Kepler akan berakibat cukup fatal, dan membuatnya harus mengulang dari awal.

Walaupun kita gagal di tengah jalan, teruslah belajar dan selalulah bekerja. Lihatlah berulang-ulang sistem ciptaan Allah ini, periksalah penglihatan dan ilmu yang kita miliki.

Al Mulk 3-4:
“Kamu sekali-kali tidak melihat pada ciptaan Tuhan Yang Maha Pemurah sesuatu yang tidak seimbang. Maka lihatlah berulang-ulang, adakah kamu lihat sesuatu yang tidak seimbang.

“Kemudian pandanglah sekali lagi niscaya penglihatanmu akan kembali kepadamu dengan tidak menemukan sesuatu cacat dan penglihatanmu itupun dalam keadaan payah.”

Selama ini kita hanya melihat kesempurnaan sistem Allah di buku, hanya mendengar dalam nasehat. Kalau kita ingin melihatnya, dan membuktikannya ke semua manusia, tidak ada jalan lain kecuali terus belajar meningkatkan kemampuan kita dan selalu bekerja mengejar ketinggalan kita. Kepercayaan Kepler terhadap kesempurnaan ciptaan Tuhan mendorongnya untuk terus bekerja puluhan tahun pantang menyerah.

Dan kitapun harus memuji Kepler yang betul-betul memegang teguh misi kerjanya. Biar manusia tidak menghargai, bahkan tidak membaca hasil temuannya, dia tidak merasa kecewa. Kita mungkin tidak berhasil mencapai cita-cita besar kita ini dalam usia hidup kita. Tetapi kita berdoa dengan kerja-kerja kita, kita bisa melihat kedepan, melihat kesempurnaan, mengharap kemu’jizatan.

Categories: Bahasa, Personal Tags:

About this blog

May 5th, 2005 2 comments

Keadilan means justice in English. I’m hoping to start by being just to the self (my own self, not myself). The quotation, “Don’t hasten the end result before completing the beginning, don’t begin without looking toward the end” is from a wonderful book by Sidi Ahmed Zarruq. The book, The Poor’s Man Book of Assistance was translated with added commentary by Shaykh Hamza Yusuf.

The following is about how I got the domain name itself, which maybe of some interest to Indonesians.

Saya membeli keadilan.net sekitar 6 tahun lalu untuk dipakai sebagai web site PIPKA. Sejalan dengan pergantian nama PK ke PKS, beberapa bulan lalu PIPKA memutuskan untuk berganti nama domain menjadi pk-sejahtera.us.

Saya memutuskan memakai domain ini karena kata keadilan dan makna adil yang terkandung di dalamnya merupakan nilai yang saya junjung tinggi dan berusaha memulainya. Paling tidak, mulai dari diri, seperti kutipan di atas.

All the writings in here are my own opinions. They do not reflect any one or any organization (ever) affiliated to me or to the domain.

Categories: Bahasa, Personal Tags:

My Way Out

March 1st, 2005 1 comment

Download Traditional Arabic Font

وَيَرْزُقْهُ مِنْ حَيْثُ لا يَحْتَسِبُ وَمَنْ يَتَوَكَّلْ عَلَى اللَّهِ فَهُوَ حَسْبُهُ إِنَّ اللَّهَ بَالِغُ أَمْرِهِ قَدْ جَعَلَ اللَّهُ لِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدْرًا

At-Talaq 3:

Wa yarzuqhu min haythu la yahtasibu wa man yatawakkal ‘ala Allahi fa huwa hasbuhu inna Allaha balighu amrihi qad ja’ala Allahu li kulli shayin qadran

And He provides for him from where he does not reckon. And whoever puts trust in Allah, so Allah is sufficient for him. Surely Allah will accomplish His purpose. And Allah has set a measure for all things

The following is an excerpt of commentary on this ayah, from Tafsir Ibn Kathir:

Whoever has Taqwa of Allah in what He has commanded and avoids what He has forbidden, then Allah will make a way out for him from every difficulty and will provide for him from resources he never anticipated or thought about… Allah will execute His decisions and judgement that He made for him, in whatever way He wills and chooses

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Detached (another kind)

February 23rd, 2005 2 comments

Reading some of the obituaries of Kuntowijoyo I feel a sense of a great loss that I didn’t know much about him. Having been abroad for my entire adult life, I lack the social, intellectual, and organizational experiences that come from, for instance, being in campus and active in its varieties of movements. I don’t know (or know little) about a lot people I should know (more). This doesn’t have to mean knowing them personally, but I’d like to know their histories, thoughts, influences, etc. So I’d need to know people who know them, and being in campus certainly would help.

However, being in the right place at the right time is not sufficient. The campus was rather polarized 10-15 years ago. I might be in one “side” without knowing much about the other side. At least that’s what I’ve been observing from some of my friends. That’s why it’s very encouraging to see all sides are active in politics right now one way or another. This means there are interactions from all sides in the highest level, which should bode well for interactions in the lower levels. And those lower level interactions, which necessarily have been started 5-10 years ago, make the higher level ones possible.

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Western Intellectual Tradition (1. Origins)

January 26th, 2005 1 comment

This is just a quick rundown. Hopefully I have time to elaborate more later on.

If the whole tradition of western thoughts is a human body, then the body stands on two legs. The right leg is the scriptural tradition, originated in the Near East, preserved by Jews for hundreds of years BC, expanded by (and survive of) the Christian Roman Empire (the West and then Byzantium), and strengthened using power and organizations by the Church. The Jews held on to their society and identity, while Paul spreads Christianity to the masses.

The left leg is the philosophical tradition, started in Greece before Socrates, argued (literally) by Plato’s dialogues, analyzed and classified by Aristotle’s logic and methodology, lived by Epicurus, doubted by the skeptics, and practiced by the Roman stoics. Plato points upward to the divine soul, while Aristotle points to the worldly and human nature.

Augustine might be the first part of the torso which joined the two legs. He had a neoplatonist view before he formulated doctrines on soul and freewill. But, there was no major development in the west after him (I’m hesitant to use the term ‘Dark Ages’ here).

On the other hand, Muslim thinkers from Al Kindi, Al Farabi, to Ibnu Sina and Ibnu Rusdh, flourished during this time. In fact, without them the torso wouldn’t be fully formed as we know now. Their scriptural traditions were not those of Augustine’s but the philosophical traditions had the same origins. In fact, they got from the West more than Islam ever did and the West got more from them than Islam did.

Finally, Aquinas completes the top part of the torso. He studied Aristotle using Ibnu Rushd’s commentary. He disagreed with Ibnu Rushd’s double-truth that philosophy and theology might have different sets of truth, and tried to unify them. By and large, Aquinas was an Aristotelian, with his Natural Law built firmly in this tradition.

The next part will deal with the other part of the body, ie. arms, neck and heads which correspond to the more modern tradition.

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Detached

January 6th, 2005 No comments

Looking at the picture (NY Times, 2004/12/31), I feel so guilty in a strange way. Lives for so many people will be different, while I’ll carry on without any discernible changes. Maybe most of the people praying also will go on with their lives, but I just don’t feel right about this. I’m afraid that being far away will make me so detached and soon forget about their lives and deaths. I hope to stamp this however awful moment in my memory, to always keep me grounded and rooted.

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Blogging is not for everybody

December 6th, 2004 No comments

It’s not for me if the lack of updates in the last couple of months is any indication. But, enough about me, blogging is not for Becker and Posner either, if their first posts are any indication. As bad as Becker is, Posner is even worse. The economist made a law argument (self defense), while the lawyer made an economic argument (expected cost-benefit), both ending up nowhere. Kieran Healy of Crooked Timber even had a little fun and said those posts might be from impostors.

Yes, their names and reputations attract a lot of attentions already. Yes, blog can be one of Hayek’s mechanism for distribution of knowledge, and they certainly have a lot of knowledge to distribute. Just maybe, making and presenting arguments in this forum need different set of skills from those in the fora they are used to. Maybe blogging is not for them. Certainly it’s too early to make any definitive pronouncement, so let’s hope it will get better.

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Ushul Fiqh, Utility and Uncertainty

August 25th, 2004 1 comment

Of course, I’m no expert in the matter of (Ushul) Fiqh, so CMIIW.

I was reading the fundamental principles of Fiqh, and saw that there are three principles where utility theory might come into play. First, “select the higher of the two benefits, or incur the lesser of the two harms when faced with them both.” Now, to do that, you certainly have to be able to order your preferences for the choices you have. If your set of preferences are already in the rulings derived from the well established sources, your (dis)utility is set.

If not, your ordering must be based on other principles, and require extensive knowledge not only on the rules of law but also about the subject of your choices. Usually this kind of ruling involves experts from various fields.

This principle is often misused by ignoring other principles, especially what comes right after it, “repelling harm takes precedence over procuring benefits.” You have to be aware of the consequences (to others) of your maximizing your own utility based on your own preferences. You have to minimize the disutility, and make that your top priority.

[Utilitarianism (Bentham, J.S. Mill) also wants to maximize utility, with no mention of minimizing disutility as the top priority. Some say utilitarianism is the superset of consequentialism. Without the latter, the former can lead to hedonism.]

The other principle of interest is, “certainty is not invalidated by doubt.” OK, you find your best option, but it doesn’t always give you the utility you were estimating when you ranked your preferences. The probability is not 1. Does this mean you should eliminate this option? What happens if none of the options are certain to give you the calculated utility? Do you have to rank them by their probabilities? Or do you use expected utility?

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300

August 8th, 2004 No comments

Maddux excelled beyond the physical: “We were playing the Astros in the middle of the season and Jeff Bagwell was coming up, and Doggie had told me before the game, ‘We’re not going to pitch this guy inside. We’re going to stay away. He’s pulling everything, and if we go in he’ll hit it out.’

So it’s late in the game, we’re up something like 8-0, and Bagwell is batting with a runner on. All of a sudden, Doggie wants to go inside. ‘What?’ He nods that’s what he wants to do. So he throws it in, and Bagwell hits a bomb. We still won the game, but I was mad. ‘Why did you do that? I wanted you to pitch a complete-game shutout.’

He said, ‘You know what? Two months from now we’re going to meet these guys in the playoffs, and he’s going to be up there with runners on and he’s going to be looking for that pitch, and we’re never going to throw it.’

I said, ‘Whatever, dude. I wanted the shutout.’

Sure enough, two months later and Bagwell is hitting. They’ve got two men on and Doggie strikes him out. He says, ‘Do you remember two months ago?’ I had already forgotten about it. He said, ‘You got mad because we went inside and he took us deep, but he was looking for that pitch today, and we won the game because of that.’

No other pitcher can do that. No one can get away with that kind of stuff. It’s almost illogical. You don’t throw inside changeups to major league hitters. He’ll hang a slider on purpose. He wants people to get hits because everything he does is setting up the hitter for a situation later on.”

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